Historian, essayist, political publicist. In 1968-1989, he was one of the leading organizers of the illegal democratic opposition. He studied at the Department of History at Warsaw University since 1964, suspended twice to be later expelled after the March Events of 1968 and sentenced to 3 years in prison.
He graduated from the Department of History at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan. In the 1970s, he was active in opposition organizations and participated in the publication of second-circulation periodicals. Participant of the Round Table Talks in 1989, member of the Polish Writers’ Association.
Honored with awards and honorary degree. Author of many books and articles.
